The death of the great scholar Vera Rubin, discovered evidence of dark matter

The death of the great scholar Vera Rubin, discovered evidence of dark matter

Astronomer Vera Rubin, aged 88, has discovered evidence of dark matter through the speed of galaxies.

She studied the spiral galaxies and observed that they were rotating at speeds different from what they should be. The speed of rotation of stars away from the center should be slower than near. The planets in the solar system - for example - spin around the sun at a slower speed as the planet is farther away from the sun, if not slower to be shot at the high speed outside the solar system, if only slightly lower to the sun.

The following graph shows two different lines. The bottom line is what scientists expect for the speed of the orbits of the galaxy (stars and other celestial bodies) relative to the distance between them and the center of the galaxy. The velocity increases and decreases as the contents move away. However, studies show that the content increases faster. The center, and so quickly will be thrown out of the galaxy, because gravity will be weak in the limbs, so there must be something attractive to hold the galaxy, and this thing is dark matter.

We know today that the dark matter is about 27% of the components of the acclaimed universe, but scientists do not know what the material is, the research continues to understand the mm formed.

Vera presented Princeton University, but did not receive admission to the astronomy program. The astronomy was confined to men until 1975. She accepted at Cornell University and completed her astronomical career.

She thinks she deserves the Nobel Prize, but she did not get it ... Goodbye, you great scientist.

Light cement

The researcher José Carlos Rubio of UMSNH University in Mexico was able to manufacture the first bright cement in the world. The researcher has worked for nine years on the manufacture of a microscopic material of cement, which absorbs the solar energy and bring it back to the surrounding environment. It is expected that this cement will have future applications by lighting public roads and buildings independently and without the need to consume electricity

Apple uses a university professor (Carnegie Mellon) to improve the quality of its artificial intelligence

Apple did not allow the news of Samsung's takeover of Viv without moving a finger. So the Cupertino team used Carnegie Mellon professor of computer science, Professor Russ Salakhutdinov, to be the director of artificial intelligence research. Interestingly, Slakidonov rejected the idea of ​​giving up his university work - where he is expected to publish research while developing iPhone and Mac devices. To date, he has not confirmed the nature of the work he will do, despite the recollections of the Recode site, which noted that his recent studies are related to understanding beyond the context of the questions. We asked Apple if they could comment on the news.

The use of Slackidonov could lead to significant progress for Siri, who is still criticized for relatively little progress compared to, for example, Google's assistant services. Artificial intelligence developers strive to provide a better understanding of what we are asking for, with flexibility in delivering the best results in terms of successive questions and the lack of explicit answers.

Apple's use of artificial intelligence is not limited to voice commands. Do you even know how iOS 10 uses the learning and recognition mechanism in image applications? You may realize how far Slackidonov's influence on many products, giving Apple its true value that artificial intelligence is an essential part of its future.

Carnegie Mellon University is quite unhappy, and now he has no reason to worry about attracting Apple to the best talent. While this may not be bad if it will lead to more artificial intelligence applications practical, although it may limit academic studies in the near future.

Source: Engadget

The development of a new artificial skin capable of giving touch to the amputees

In a remarkable scientific report, a group of engineers at Stanford University have announced that they have developed a skin-like plastic material that has the ability to sense pressure and send a Morse-like signal directly to nerve cells. This research holds great hopes for amputees, in terms of the possibility of installing prostheses, not only gives them additional motor abilities, but also sensory abilities.

A group of engineers at Stanford University have announced the creation of a plastic material similar to the skin, which can sense the strength of the pressure they are subjected to, and generate an electrical signal that transfers this sensory effect directly to the living cells of the brain.

Stanford University's chemical engineering professor Zinan Bao has spent a full decade trying to create an artificial material that mimics the skin's capabilities, especially the skin's elastic capacity and healing ability. Professor Zinan Bao's research has not only created a flexible skin-like material. Her research has also included how to make the material sensually similar to skin: how it can be included in a sensor network that can capture heat, pressure, and even pain. These signals to the living brain. The ultimate goal of its research is to develop a flexible electronic fabric that can be included with sensors. This fabric is used to cover artificial limbs in order to compensate for some of the sensory abilities of natural human skin.

The new work of Professor Bau and her research team - published in the journal Science - will bring further development in order to achieve the great goal they aspire to: the creation of artificial skin that simulates human skin in the properties of elasticity and sensitivity properties.

"This is the first time a skin-like substance has been developed that has the potential to capture pressure and send a signal that expresses this pressure to a part of the nervous system," says Professor Bau. The research team that worked with Professor Bao consists of 17 people who have all worked to achieve this achievement.

Digitizing Touch

The base stone of this technique is a two-layer plastic structure: the upper layer forms the sensing mechanism, and the lower layer acts as an electric circuit, acting on receiving electrical signals and turning them into biochemical, chemical-compatible, biochemical signals. The upper layer includes a pressure sensor that is able to sense the same area of ​​pressure as human skin, from light touch to a warm handshake.

The next step will be how to read the values ​​of these sensors, and convert it into an electrical form compatible with the nervous system. For this purpose, the team has deployed billions of carbon nanotubes through synthetic plastics. Therefore, when applying pressure to the plastic, this will squeeze the carbon nanotubes closer to each other and make them an electric carrier.

It is these properties that allow the sensor to be an excellent simulator of the human skin, which sends information about the pressure to the brain in the form of electrical pulses similar to the Morse code. Increased pressure applied to the artificial skin means more carbon nanotubes converge, which means allowing more electrical power to cross through the sensor. As a result, the value of the voltage that will result from the pressure of the sensor will be commensurate with the pressure applied to it, so this will generate the mechanism of transmission of information appropriate for the brain.

So far, experiments on the new sensor have succeeded in rat brains, and the team is trying to make this sensor usable on human prostheses, to provide amputees with sensory abilities, as well as the motor abilities given to them by the prostheses.

Sources: IEEE Spectrum - Stanford University

Scientists from Germany have made a camera sticking into the needle's poison

Scientists from Germany have made a camera sticking into the needle's poison

German researchers at the University of Stadgard have developed a small camera the size of a grain of salt, which can enter into the injection needle hole. Scientists used a three-dimensional laser printer to build the camera with three lenses. So that these lenses are installed on the tip of fiber optic thickness of a hair. The diameter of these lenses is 100 μm, or ten millimeters.

The lenses can capture clear images at a distance of 3.0 millimeters and can reach a distance of 1.7 meters through optical fiber.

Such a technology could be used to explore the human body from the inside with minimal impact. The camera would be suitable for entering the brain, for example, and although its manufacture would be medical, it could be used in future spy cameras.

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Source: Phys.org, gizmag

Barack Obama: the first American president to publish a scientific paper during his presidency!

         In an unexpected move for a president still in office, US President Barack Obama publishes a research paper in a scientific journal and is the first president to do so during his presidency.

         This paper is published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), one of the highest-rated scientific research journals. President Obama discusses the success and future of the health care law that some people call Obama Care.

Despite the fact that he is the first president to publish an integrated scientific research paper during his presidency, but there are a number of former American presidents who published some of the comments and abstracts that were published in scientific journals. For example, a comment was published by former US President George Bush in 2004 as well as President Bill Clinton In 1997.

           Obama's scientific paper analyzed data collected from several studies and reports, and highlighted some of the successes of the health care law, such as the decline in the proportion of Americans without health insurance, and some suggestions to help the American people get the most affordable health care. 

           By offering government-owned health insurance to compete with private companies.

The References/

JAMA, LiveScience

The Chinese computer "Tianhe-2" is still the most powerful computer in the world

In November this year, the semi-annual report, known as "Top500", was published in the world's most powerful computing class, according to its measured capacity in FLOP. One "FLOP" refers to the number of floating-point calculations a computer can perform. Depending on the number of calculations a computer can perform in one second, supercomputers are classified.

The Top500 report is issued twice a year. Since 2013, the Chinese computer "Tianhe-2" has been the world's most powerful computer with a total computing capacity of 33.86 Beta F / s. For the second-place holder, it also did not change: the Titan's supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States, which has computer power